Disinfectants to control poultry diseases

Disinfectants are chemical compounds that have the labor force as a repellent and inhibiting the growth of certain microorganisms. Thus, meaning not all disinfectants can be used to eradicate all types of microorganisms. There is a suitable disinfectant for memabsmi is only one type of organism only. Namu some are able to eradicate more than two microorganisms. NaOH for example, has a strong power to kill the parasites.

Incorrectness of the selection and use of desinfectan be very harmful, because this action will not be able to reach sassaran. So that breeders can use disinfectants appropriately and correctly, breeders have the technical terms associated with higienisasi action, desinfectan recognize different types and how its use.

Some important terms in the action higienisasi is:

1. Bakterisid. Is the chemicals in certain concentrations capable of killing microorganisms (germs).

2. Mikrobisid. Is a chemical that has the ability to kill more than one type of microorganisms. This material may dlam disposable eradicate some types of microorganisms as well, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and parasites.

3. Bakteriostat (Mikrobiostat). Is a chemical that can prevent germ cells that will reproduce themselves.

4. Antieptika. Is a class of chemicals in mikrobisid or mikrobisostat safe enough when used on living tissue, without causing damage.

5. Sanitaiser. Is a substance that is used to obtain a healthy environment, namely to reduce the number of germs that can guarantee the health condition. This Sanitaiser can not kill all organisms present on a surface such as disinfectant.

Avian Inflenza (AI)

Avian Inflenza (AI) is a viral disease that affects the respiratory system, digestive, reproductive and nervous at the various species of birds. AI viruses vary widely in the cause of disease (patogenisitas) and kemampuanya spread among birds. species of wild birds usually do not show clinical symptoms, but some AI viruses cause severe illness and death in chickens and turkeys.

Avian Inflenza (AI) is not a new disease. This disease first occurred in Italy in 1878 and known as fowl plaque. Agricultural departments officially declare the existence of AI in Indonesia on 25 January 2004. Disease marked by high mortality and can not be dammed premises antibiotics.

Losses incurred varies depending on the virus strain, avian species AI disease, methods of control and precision of control or eradication strategies. Direct losses due to AI covers, morbidity and high mortality, depopulation and increased costs, particularly cost sanitation / disinfection.

Avian Inflenza (AI) is caused by a virus family Orthomyxoviridae, genus influenza virus A. Virus particle has an envelope with glycoprotein that has hemagglutinasi activity (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA and NA is the principal serological identification of influenza viruses, there are 15 antigens haemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase. Subtypes in Indonesia right now is H5N1.

Haemagglutinin is a viral envelope glycoprotein molecule that serves to bind the virus to target cell receptors and initiate infection. Neuraminidase is an enzyme the virus needs to remove the virus from the offspring of infected cells. Enzyme both HA and NA can stimulate immunity.

AI virus is relatively unstable in the environment. This virus can be inaktifkan by environmental factors such as: heat (temperature 80derajat Celsius for 1 minute and 64 degrees Celsius for 5 minutes), pH extremes and drought. Because this virus has a lipid membrane dibagian outside, so sensitive to organic solvents, detergents and disinfectants, namely ammonium kuarterner, aldeheide and iodine. AI virus protected olleh organic material in the cage like mucus, blood and feces. In fese can last for 7 days at a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius.

Symptoms

The incubation period ranges from several hours to 3 days. Clinical symptoms vary widely depending on factors that affected the species, age, gender, immune and environmental factors. Malignancy level AI virus can be divided into 2, namely: High Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) and Low Phatogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI). Malignancy level AI virus is the main factor influencing the clinical symptom picture.

1. LPAI

Is a form of mild (less virulent), not followed by secondary infection. In the wild birds do not cause clinical symptoms. In domestic poultry production decline caused by soft eggshell quality or stopped altogether. Other changes that can be found that respiratory distress (coughing, sneezing, snoring), anorexia (no appetite), depression, and low mortality but tended to increase.

Changes surgical carcass (anatomic pathology) LPAI namely: proventikulus inflammation in the area near the border with ventrikulus, pancreas red and pale yellow, sinusitis, tracheal secretions are serous to kaseus, thickening the air bag containing mucus, peritonitis, inflammation of the kidneys and acid precipitation vein.

2. HPAI

an acute form of the disease process characterized by fast with high mortality, egg production stopped or decreased dramatically, respiratory distress (coughing, sneezing, snoring, lakrimasi), sinusitis, edema of the head and face, bleeding under the skin tissue of the skin followed by a bluish teruutama feet, head and gill. In perakut cases, the disease is rapid, the chicken died suddenly without any changes can be observed. Mortality and morbidity varies depending on type of bird, age, environmental conditions (ammonia levels, cage density, ventilation), and the presence or absence of secondary infection. Mortality and morbidity due to HPAI reaches 100%, mortality usually increases between 10-50 times from the previous day and reached the peak on day 6 s / d to 7 since the clinical symptoms. Changes in internal organs varies, in general, the mucosal surface bleeding and tissue death in the internal organs. This is especially true Perubhan in epikardium, chest muscle and mucosa proventrikulus and ventrikulus. Intestinal mucosal bleeding occurs the area, especially in lymphoid foci Seca including the tonsils. These changes can not be distinguished by Velogenic Viscerotopic Newcastle Disease.

Chickens have diarrhea of the light green and then changed to white. Leg between the knee and the fingers have haemorrhagi diffuse areas (bleeding evenly). Respiratory symptoms depending on the severity of the trachea. The amount of mucus collected may vary.

In the broiler, the symptoms are often not very visible with severe depression, no appetite, and there was an increase of death of the first visible. Edema on the face and neck and neurological symptoms such as ataxia torticolis and can also be found. At the local ducks and geese clinical symptoms: depression, no appetite, and diarrhea as well as in laying chickens and often accompanied by swollen sinuses. The young Ducks look of nervous symptoms.


Disease Transmission

AI virus from the nose, mouth, conjunctiva and cloaca of infected birds. This is because the AI virus to multiply in the respiratory, digestive, kidney and / or reproductive system.

Inkbasi period varies from several hours to 3 days in individual infected poultry, or up to 14 days in Flok chicken. The virus is transmitted by direct contact from infected poultry from pernapaan channels, konjunktiva and feces. Transmission can also indirectly eg through debau containing AI virus, rations, drinking water, equipment shed another dn-lain.Kurang no data to support the vertical transmission of AI. Infected parent will mengahsilkan egg with the eggshell but tekontaminasi virus that contaminated eggs will not hatch.

Disease Control

1. Bio-security. It is important to control the AI case, namely to prevent the entry of AI into poultry populations from natural sources, and control the spread of and between farms. Biosecurity principles include 3 things, namely to minimize the presence of disease agents, minimizing the chance of disease agents associated with the landlady, and make the environment so as not conducive to the life of disease agents. Various actions can be performed breeders are: disinfection of stables and barn equipment, vehicles and out of the farm location, wearing special clothing to work in cages, ban those who do not go for interest to the stable, and minimize the entry of birds / wild birds to farm.
2. Vaccination. Used is an inactive vaccine containing the homologous virus strain (same) with a local isolate subtype (H5N1). Vaccination program conducted only in the infected areas, the bulk of all healthy birds by injecting individually and if required revaccination (booster). Vaccination of poultry include the entire population at risk (100%) in the infected area. The use of vaccines requires examination at 3-4 weeks serulogis post vaccination to ensure that potential vaccines. Standard of OIE (Office International des Epizooties) / Oragnisasi world for animal health is 3 weeks post vaccination antibody is formed of at least 2 ^ 4 (16).




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Chicken Cage Sanitation

Sanitation is a disease control measures through cleanliness. Therefore, to obtain a clean environment, healthy and hygienic sanitation measures should be implemented regularly. It must be recognized that the lack of sanitation is often caused enormous opportunities for development of a disease. Often the virus is high since DOC virulensinya arrived. Malignancies such as this can only be suppressed by an act of sanitation and good management.

Malignancy sanitation harmful organisms can be suppressed.

1. Environmental Sanitation. The main target of sanitation include the entire cage and all kinds of peralatnya, such as food storage, egg storage, trenches around the stable and barn. after cage emptied because afkir chickens, cages should be washed, and then disinfected. To do this disinfection should really understood kind of disinfectant, the nature and way of use.
2. Sanitation workers. Officers are those who served daily in the cage, the daily contact with chickens, both in charge of the chicken management, handling of egg production and so on. However, keep in mind is that workers can not be separated from the outside world, so they also become targets sanitation. sebelu officer began his job in the cage, and they must be in a state hygienic, germ-free.
3. Against Sanitation chicken. Sanitation target is not confined to cages, equipment and prtugasnya only. But the group also managed aymnya must obtain sanitation treatment.


Sanitation efforts against the chicken is done as follows:

1. The chickens are sick immediately removed from the group, and placed in isolation cages to get special treatment.
2. Chickens that died in the carcass should be burned so as not to be a source of disease.

Handling of carcasses that are not appropriate, such as that done by burial or utilization of animal carcasses as feed is not true, as this will help spread the seeds of disease in healthy chickens.



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Avian Encephalomylitis (AE)

Avian Encephalomyelitis (AE) is also called tremaor epidemic is primarily a disease of chickens characterized by central nervous disorders. Avian Encephalomyelitis is a contagious infection diseases caused by viruses.

Morbidity can reach 60%, whereas the mortality rate ranges from 5-30%. In the current egg-laying chickens can be a decline in production, egg hatching decreased power because of the death of the embryo. Chickens that recover from the disease can suffer AE cataracts or blindness.

Avian Encephalomyelitis caused by a virus found in feces can hold up to 4 weeks. Chickens recovered from AE will be a resistant and does not become a source of disease. Acquired immunity either from infection or vaccination results and survive long enough to last a lifetime.

In young chickens, if clinical symptoms appear at age less than 2 weeks is an infection occurs through the egg. If the clinical symptoms appear paada age more than 2 weeks is an infection occurs horizontally. The disease generally occurs at age 3 weeks. Disturbance appeared:
ataxia, tremors, paralysis in the head neck and died. In laying chickens trouble happened not unique, only a decrease in egg production was also a decline in egg quality and the quality of DOC.

The most common disease transmission through the egg from infected mother to her child. In addition, transmission occurs either through direct contact or indirectly.

Prevention:

1. DOC buying seedlings from a company that has been done in the parent AE vaccination.
2. Vaccination AE do on a regular basis.

Treatment:
There is no medicine that can cure AE. In healthy chickens still endeavored to keep a good body condition, stimulated nafsumakan vitamins and prevention of secondary infection by providing antibioti.


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Type DOC (day old chick)

DOC (day old chick), chicks aged 1 day was to determine the success of poultry business. DOC a good condition is the initial capital is very important.

DOC is well marked with the following criteria:

1. Weight meet ideal weight, ie 35 g or appropriate standard weight, which is not less than 32 g. DOC body weight positively correlated to the rate of growth of chicken.
2. Behave nimble, agile, and active foraging. Will react to the touch, dirt will not stick in the rectum.
3. Position in the group are always scattered.
4. Elastic abdominal cavity, covered with dry navel hair smooth cotton, soft and shiny.
5. Eyes round and bright.

If in the election effort this seed breeders are able to identify the condition based on the above criteria, then at least this will reduce the risk because of factors in which we do not want.

In the world of livestock, seeds chicken laying by the breeders are divided into two types, namely types and types are mild.

DOC type of light

Mild type chicken was developed specifically to produce eggs. All the resources mobilized for the production of chicken eggs. This mild type chickens have characteristics as follows:

1. Small body, lean and agile behavior.
2. Combs single, large and seemed to fall aside.
3. Bright eyes.
4. Early sexual maturity grows, the age of 4 months of starting production.
5. High egg production, with a rather thin skin and egg white.
6. More sensitive to the environment and easily startled.

Some strains are included in this type of light is Babcock, Hisex White, Ross White, Hubbard Leghorn.

DOC type of medium

This type chicken was developed to produce eggs and meat (after the afkir). Thus, this type of chicken to share resources to produce eggs and meat. Therefore, this medium type chickens are also called dual to the type of chicken. But the emphasis remains focused its resources on egg production. This type of chicken has characteristics as follows:

1. Larger body size and more robust than the type of light, and behave calmly.
2. Badanya weights heavier than the type of light, because the amount of meat and more fat.
3. The muscles of legs and thicker chest.
4. High egg production, with a thick egg shell is brown.

Some strains are included in this type is the Lohman Brown, Hisex Brown, Hubbard Golden Comet, Rosa Brown, Dekalb Brown, Isa Brown. Lately, farmers were more likely to choose the type is due to high egg production and the meat was not bad either.



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Classification of disease in poultry

In a chicken farm, the disease is one risk that must sometimes be faced. Therefore, the symptoms of each disease, know the source and can cause disease prevention, is one of the provisions that are important to the success of farm businesses.

Various types of diseases cause similar symptoms, but there are some typical symptoms for each type of disease. Here I will explain the types of disease in poultry (chicken, quail, ducks and other avian species) based on the cause:

Diseases caused by viruses:

1. Avian Encephalomyelitis (AE).
2. Avian Influenza (AI)
3. Chicken Anemia Agennt (CAA)
4. Egg Drop Syndrome (EDS'76)
5. Fowl Pox (Chicken Pox)
6. Helicopter Disease (Runting & Stunting Syndrome)
7. Infectious Bronchitis (IB).
8. Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD = Gumboro Disease)
9. Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)
10. Limphoid Leukosis (LL)
11. Marek's Disease (MD)
12. Newcastle Disease (ND = Tetelo)
13. Swollen Head Syndrome


Diseases caused by bacteria:

1. Avian Tubercullosis.
2. Chronic Respiratory Disease
3. Collibacillosis
4. Fowl Cholera (cholera)
5. Injectious Coryza (Snot, runny nose)
6. Sallmonellosis (- Avian Paratypoid, - Fowl Thypoid,-Pullorum)
7. Staphylococcosis
8. Streptococcosis
9. Necrotic Enteritis


Disease caused by parasites in (endoparasit):

1. Protozoa (-Koksidiosis
-Leucocytozoonosis ( "malaria like" poultry)
-Malaria Poultry
2. Wormwood


The disease is caused by external parasites:

1. Lice
2. Louse
3. Mites
4. Fleas


Diseases caused by fungi and toxins Mushroom:

1. Aspergillosis
2. Mycotoxicosis

The disease is caused by various kinds:

1. Hidrops ascites



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The most important thing in starting a duck farm business

The whole segmentation duck farming activities / ducks can make money. Starting from producing hatching eggs, egg consumption, the DOD (day old duck), ducks doves (BAYAH), cut and feed ducks. Breeding objectives is the first thing to think about, because it was a lot of reality shows that the purpose of breeding, which is the main cause of the "success or failure" of a farm duck / duck this. Many breeders duck / duck that stands just simply because the bandwagon is already a pattern of general business in Indonesia, farmers like these so-called marginal farmers. By knowing the breeding goal will be to encourage all existing capabilities in encouraging farmers to business. With a clear goal will mean real farmer in managing the ranch would otherwise fail and lose money.

To achieve these goals the farmer should be able to apply and master the three things namely the Technical, Business and Management.

Technical means understanding how to manage the ranch for cattle production equipment was in the living things that can not survive just left that must be managed in accordance with the needs of duck / duck and not solely on the basis of farmers will be.

Business is all managed in the farm duck / duck must be in accordance with the principles of business because our goal is breeding for profit. The cost should be in accordance with the details, it is often forgotten by the breeder duck / duck. Begin breeding duck / duck with existing capabilities and do not push yourself, does not raise beyond the existing carrying capacity. Breeder duck / duck must also fully understand the link between food, production, sales planning and market situation.

Management means managing all the elements in the farm involved in order to run in accordance with the objectives or plans of profit. It could be said also in farm management is the art, so in practice is usually done with a different style from one farmer to another farmer.



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Quail Bird Farming (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Quail, or commonly known by the name "gemak" (in Java) called Latin Coturnix coturnix japonica included in the family Phasianidae. Quail Birds have wings, but not smart like a bird flying in general.

Quail cage model is 2 (two) types of commonly used litter system (ground husk) and cage systems (batteries). The size of the cage for 1 m 2 can be filled kittens 90-100 quail, next to 60 tail for 10 days until the age of the chicks off.

Maintenance quail done starting age 1 day to 18 months. At the age of 1 to 30 days of maintenance performed on postal cage or litter, the next day transferred to battery cages. In a stable system that needs attention is the ideal temperature is stable or normal range 20-25 º C, humidity 30-80% range cage; light stable enough during the day from 25 to 40 watts, while the 40-60 watts at night (this applies for a cloudy / rainy season). The layout of the cage should be set for the morning sun can enter the cage.

Quail began producing at the age of 38 days. Peak production can last for 4 months starting in the 4, 5, 6 and 7. Peak production can reach up to 90% usually produce quail beginning at 15:00 until 22:00. Unique from the maintenance of this quail in a cage with a population of 2000 fish were approximately 5 stud tail, aim as encouraging females to lay eggs on. Communication can be heard in a voice that said they responded.

Regular vaccination program given that Lasota or NDIB ND (Newcastle Disease, Infectious Bronchitis) on day 9 and AI (Avian Influenza or bird flu) on day 30. feed that can be given to quail consists of several forms, namely: the form of pellets, crumbs and flour. Because quail peck like to nosy friends will have busy with pakannya pecking. Providing quail chicks rations given 2 (two) times a day morning and afternoon. While quail teen / adult ration is given only once a day ie in the morning. For the provision of drinking on children quail at continually seeds.

The disease usually attacks quail include:

1. Enteritis (Quail enteritis)


Cause: Clostridium colinum, anaerobic bacteria that form spores and attacking down the intestine and cecum, which may cause keradangan
Symptoms: quail seemed lethargic, decreased appetite, hair looks dull, watery diarrhea
Transmission: Through the feed and feces-contaminated drinking
Control: improving governance, maintenance, and separating the healthy quails from an infected. Keep cleaning the cage and tried to get the population is not too dense
Prevention: Basitrasin 0.005% - 0.01% dlm feed / drinking water
Treatment: Through the feed / drinking water by mixing basitrasin, klortetrasiklin, erythromycin, doksisiklin, ampicillin, tilosin and linkomisin.

Basitrasin Dose: 100 g / ton of food

2. Prolapse

Cause: too many gifts of vitamins and minerals for the egg, so that the egg shape is too large, at issue, too oviduct out (perforated)

Symptoms:: eggs are too large, at issue, too oviduct out (perforated) so that the cause of death

Prevention: Providing additional minerals not excessive enough

3. Newcastle Disease (ND) or tetelo


The cause: a virus groups paramyxo

Symptoms:: quail difficult breathing, coughing, sneezing, arising grunting, lethargic, sleepy eyes, wings drooping, greenish watery feces. Tortikolis (head twisting uncertain)

Prevention: Vaccination at the age of 9 days

Transmission: Through food and drink, the air and the equipment is less net cages

Control: Keeping the environment clean and contaminated equipment viruses, chickens die soon burned / removed (not thrown in the river), separate the sick chickens

Treatment: no cure, but to prevent secondary bacterial infection can be given Ampicilin, colistin, Enrofloxasin. And to improve the conditions given vitamins.

4. Pullorum (white defecate)

Cause: the bacteria Salmonella pullorum

Symptoms:: white droppings, loss of appetite, shortness of breath, feathers and wings weak contract hanging. White poop, slow growth, wing hanging down, breath was labored-2, Arthritis, egg production falls, falling appetite, diarrhea and white, can be cured if a career, dirt littering cloaca

Prevention: Maintain cleanliness of cages and cage equipment used

Transmission: Through food and drink, and equipment less net cages

Treatment: Ampicilin, colistin, Enrofloxasin. And to improve the conditions given vitamins.


5. Koksidiosis (dysentery)

Cause: protozoan parasite, Eimeria sp

Symptoms: scab, scab incidence in the hairless skin, such as gill, foot, mouth and farink that if released would bleed

Prevention: Maintain cleanliness of cages and cage equipment used, separating the infected quail

Transmission: fecal contamination on equipment that is less clean cages, which contained feces ookista quail quail consumed by patients healthy.

Treatment: Sulfaquinoxaline, amprolium, diclazuril


6. Fowl Pox (chicken pox)

The cause: a virus poxviruses

Symptoms:: bloody stool and diarrhea, lack of appetite, terkulasi wings, dull hair, anemia appears to pale wattle

Prevention: Separating the infected quail and keep cleaning the cage

Transmission: contaminated food, drink and the air

Treatment: no cure, but to prevent secondary infection can be given antibiotics ampicilin, colistin, tetracyclin. Can be applied neomycin in the wound after smallpox outgrowth peeling.


7. Quail Bronchitis

Causes: viruses adenoviruss

Symptoms:: quail looked listless, dull hair, trembling, difficult breathing, coughing and sneezing, eye and nose sometimes mucus.

Prevention: Separating the infected quail and keep cleaning the cage

Transmission: air circulation is not good or overcrowded cages

Treatment: enrofloxasin


8. Aspergillosis

Cause: The fungus Aspergillus fumigatus

Symptoms:: Quail experiencing breathing problems, eye white layer is formed to resemble cheese, drowsiness, decreased appetite ..

Prevention: improving sanitation and the environment surrounding the stable

Transmission: food storage too long, so moldy, the air circulation is not good or overcrowded cages

Treatment: The provision of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) to reduce the effects of poisoning due to fungi (aflatoxin)

To avoid the occurrence of disease stable environmental hygiene and vaccination against quail need to be done on a regular basis. Disease control is done every time and if there are signs of a less healthy for quail treatment must be carried out in accordance with veterinarian instructions or directions from Poultry Shop

Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)

In early disease events, sudden hair loss that lasts for 1-3 days. Chicken snoring, coughing and breathing with difficulty so that intermittent neck extended. Based on my experience of this disease is usually protracted. Sometimes a small chicken can also be infected if not in the vaccine and there is a new layer was sick vaccinated because vaccination post close distance.

The disease is running very fast, 6-10 day incubation period. 5-70% mortality rate, usually ranges between 10-20% with morbidity rates can reach 100%. ILT attacked chickens may die or recover after 2 weeks. In layer production may be down to 10-20%, the production will return to normal after 4 weeks.

ILT is caused by a virus. Virus is easily killed by disinfectants and direct sunlight. The virus will die at a temperature of 55 degrees Celsius for 10-15 minutes and the temperature 38 degrees Celsius for 48 hours. At 0 degrees Celsius temperature survive and remain infective outside the host. If a virus hidden in the mucus or chicken carcass remains dangerous for a long time. chickens that had recovered from the attack would be immune to ILT within 1 year, while the vaccination will lead to immunity in the 2-12 month period.

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