A variety of disinfectant with utility

Today was pretty much as a disinfectant chemicals traded in the market. However, apparently there are still many difficult breeders select it, and some even think that any type of disinfectant able to eradicate all types of organisms, and this is completely untrue. Therefore, it needs to know more about the various amcam disinfectant and usefulness.

1. Creolis Sapenatum
In general Creolis Sapenatum Liquor sold as Lysol. Lysol has its broader work on the organism and its ability to 3 times greater than phenol.

2. ammonia
Coccidiosis infection, amoniaklah As with disinfectant should be used in order coccidian oocyst be eradicated. This disinfectant is its use with a solution of 20% ammonia

3. formalin
For ND infection and need to use potassium permanganate formalinphenaol are able to eradicate the virus ND.

4. Copper sulfate
Jka Aspergillosis infection in cages, where litter in humid conditions, the cage can spray with a fungicide such as: Copper sulfate solution 0.5%.

5. Sumithion and Malathion
While parasite infection cages outside can didesinfektir by spraying insecticides like Malathion or Sumithion. Both Sumathion and Malathion will become inactive if there is an alkaline material, in this case including chicken manure. That is why, then spraying with insecticides made ​​after the cage was washed with soda.

6. Jodophor
This material is a synthesis of njodium and organic substances. Ssangat disinfectant is effective against all gram positive and negative bacteria, fungi and viruses.

Coccidiostat and deworming

Coccidiosis is a common disease that attacks the chickens of all ages, but the most affected are 1 day old chicks - 10 weeks, or chicks aged 4-8 weeks. The chronic form usually affects older chicken, 1-3 months.

prevention:
Prevention of coccidiosis coccidiostat done by providing the food or drinking water with low concentrations. Given their usage constantly at certain ages (1 day - 10 weeks) at the time the chicken was very sensitive.

implementation:
Giving is a way coccidiostat 3.2.3, ie 3 consecutive days given coccidiostat, suspended two days and then 3 days later given again, and so on until the chicken reaches the age of 10 weeks.

There are negative aspects in this coccidiostat pemebrian. The active substances contained in it have adverse side effects. For these active substances can kill the microbes that actually used in digestion.
Deworming medication or worm that was first given at the time of chicks from 4 or 6 weeks. Then the treatment is repeated setiat 2 or 3 months. At least it should always be held against some groups scrawny chickens.

Salmonella in Animal Feeds

Twelve per cent of more than 2,000 samples of feeds, feed ingredients and pet products tested by USDA between 2002 and 2009 were positive for Salmonella, with Senftenberg and Montevideo being the most common serotypes.

The journal, Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, includes a paper by Dr Xin Li of the USDA Center for Veterinary Medicine and co-authors at the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University and the USDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research.

The article presents the surveillance data from the Feed Contaminants Program (2002–2009) and Salmonella Assignment (2007–2009) of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which monitor the trend of Salmonella contamination in animal feeds.

A total of 2,058 samples were collected from complete animal feeds, feed ingredients, pet foods, pet treats and supplements for pets in 2002–2009.

These samples were tested for the presence of Salmonella. Those that were positive for Salmonella underwent serotyping and testing for antimicrobial susceptibility.

Of the 2,058 samples, 257 were positive for Salmonella (12.5 per cent). The results indicate a significant overall Salmonella reduction (p=0.05) in animal feeds from 18.2 per cent (187 samples tested) in 2002 to 8.0 per cent (584 samples tested) in 2009. Among these samples, feed ingredients and pet foods/treats had the most significant reduction (p=0.05).

Of the 45 Salmonella serotypes identified, Salmonella Senftenberg and Salmonella Montevideo were the top two common serotypes (8.9 per cent).

Of the 257 Salmonella isolates obtained, 54 isolates (21 per cent) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial.

Li and co-authors conclude that their findings provide the animal feed industries with Salmonella prevalence information that can be used to address Salmonella contamination problems. They add that their findings can also be used to educate pet owners when handling pet foods and treats at home to prevent salmonellosis.

Source:
thepoultrysite.com

Establish an environment that is free from disease

If the DOC or pullet ready to spawn were placed in a cage ever used, then the program should:

1. Cleaning cages and equipment, approximately 21 days prior to occupancy.
2. All equipment such as dining / drinking water, brooder and others removed to be cleaned and then stored in a clean anyway.
3. All the old litter must be removed and replaced with a new litter
4. All surfaces, such as ceilings, walls and floors must be cleaned. Similarly, the feed shed and barn eggs should be clean anyway.

To know for sure of a disease is very difficult, because it is only possible in the laboratory. However, farmers should at least be able to observe his clinical symptoms such as:
1. Egg production declined
2. Decreased appetite
3. The high mortality
4. Chicken seems lethargic, inactive eat
5. Sneezing, coughing, difficulty breathing and more.
With the above mentioned disorders, then the farmers could take further steps to eradicate the disease.

Once farmers know that chickens exposed to the disease, immediate action should be taken. Namely, while a definitive diagnosis of the disease is unknown, regular chickens are given antibiotics that have a broad spectrum vitamin and supplement in their feed. Thus, this will reduce stress, because stress itself is a predisposing factor of a disease.

Various causes of stress in laying hens

Various causes of stress on the maintenance of laying hens:

1. In DOC cage, eating or drinking too narrow or difficult to reach. Therefore the amount of the feeding and drinking at DOC's cage should be more. And do not put the feed is beyond a radius of 3 meters between the feeding and drinking, because it is difficult for chicks

2. The presence of parasites or worms and parasites in the outer or body lice found on chickens would lead to lack of peace of chicken in question and is a burden too heavy for his life

3. Gonncangan pressure or from the environment. This event usually occurs as a result of loud noises and surprising, such as firecrackers, noise and bustle of the others.

4. The lack of uniformity, in a coop of chickens or growing small fee will be experiencing stress in trying to keep food or drink. To overcome this, each enclosure must be filled chickens of the same amount or uniform.

5. As for the other stressors are debeaking or cut part, traveling, moving cages, chickens are often held, the food changed suddenly, climate change and air circulation is not good.

Of particular interest in the maintenance phase of laying hens starter

Some of the failures at the beginning of the maintenance starter such as freezing, errors in feeding, disease disorders, excess capacity (over crowded) will result in negative effects that are difficult to overcome in production capabilities. With these reasons that the farmers should have a more rigorous maintenance program. Maintenance program in question is a governance totally accurate, among others:
1. Provision of artificial stem
2. Method of feeding
3. Prevention and eradication of diseases

Warming curse (doc) is the most important phase, because of the work done in this period with good results will determine production peaks are good also. Required for this purpose artificial parent or supplementary heating. Parent made ​​this shape can be made a sort of box or circle of cardboard and other sebgainya equipped with a heat source, in order to maintain long curse still require additional heat from the outside.

Since the heater is in use as a substitute parent, the heater is also known sebgai parent or brooder. And in this case acts as a surrogate parent is absolutely true is that farmers themselves. Because they are from early to prepare meals and take care to carefully regulate the heat, and the prevention / eradication of diseases and other sebgainya.

As a substitute for of adequate breeders, farmers should be able to prepare good breeders. Where it b good breeders are breeders who meet several criteria as follows:
1. Stable and continuous source of heating
2. Fresh air in the breeding
3. Good lighting is quite good
4. Construction of adequate

US begins procedures for ban on laying hen cages

Moves to ban the use of conventional cages on US egg-laying farms have started in Washington, after politicians tabled an amendment bill to improve hen welfare.

The development has been welcomed by the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) and United Egg Producers (UEP) as it is in keeping with their joint policy of raising standards in egg-laying hens. If approved, the legislation would improve the welfare of 280 million hens involved in US egg production by 2030.

The legislation will:
• Require egg producers to increase the space per hen in a tiered phase-in over the next 15 to 18 years
• Require conventional cages to be replaced with enriched-colony systems over a similar phase-in period
• Require all egg-laying hens to be provided with environmental enrichments such as perches, nesting boxes and scratching areas
• Make labelling on all egg packaging mandatory nationwide, to inform consumers of method used to produce the eggs
• Raise euthanasia standards for egg-laying hens as approved by the American Veterinary Association
• Prohibit feed or water withdrawal molting to extend the laying cycle
• Prohibit excessive ammonia levels in hen houses
• Ban the transport and sale of egg products nationwide which do not meet the above requirements

Previously individual states have approved often-conflicting standards for egg production. But, if passed, the amendment bill would supersede state laws and create a federal standard - something UEP says is the only solution in enhancing hen welfare and ensuring a sustainable future for America's family-owned egg farms.

"Eggs are a national commodity and egg producers should have a level playing field - not have different, costly rules in all 50 states," said Gene Gregory, president and chief executive of the UEP, which represents 88% of the nation's egg producers.

"This agreement between UEP and HSUS represents an important and necessary step in addressing the patchwork of state laws facing the industry and providing stability for farmers moving forward," said Representative Kurt Schrader - one of the four politicians who launched the Bill.

However, the National Pork Producers Council has criticised the legislation, saying it would set a "dangerous precedent" and allow the federal government to regulate production practices.

Source: FWi

Stable and continuous brooder is needed to doc (day old chicks) laying hens

Heating from the outside to the chicken starter phase (age 0-4 weeks) is absolutely necessary. This is because the day old chicks (doc) body temperature of about 103 F (39 C). If the chick was directly given heating around 80 F (27C), then this result penerunun doc body temperature to about 82-83 F. And decreased body temperature will be followed a change in the activity rather than the function of organs.

If the doc immediately given a warm 70 F or room temperature only in accordance with the result:
1. Curses will not have much to eat, because eating appetite is reduced it will disrupt the growth process.
2. Food eaten was used as a process of growth, but only used the body adjusting to the heat.
3. And if they can not adjust to the surrounding temperature, the curses will die
That is why the extra heat from the parent absolutely necessary. Additional heat must be regulated in accordance with their needs.

To create according to the desired temperature, the heating temperature is large or small can be arranged. The setting can be done as follows:
1. Two - three hours before the curse included, heating lamp must be lit in the breeding
2. Chicks aged 1 minngu 95 F
3. Chicks Age 2 weeks 90 F
4. Chicks Age 3 weeks 85 F
5. 4 week old chicks 80 F
So every week, lowered temperature 5 F or 3 C, up to an additional heater was no longer needed. Usually this warming may last 2-4 weeks. But it also depends on the environment.

In practice, measuring the heat with a thermometer is not practical. For more practical farmers pay sufficient attention to the behavior of these curses in breeding:
1. If the temperature is too hot sires, the curses will shun the heat source, they crammed jejal on edge.
2. Instead breeding temperature is too cold, they will come together and mutually huddled around the heat source.
3. If the ambient temperature was sufficient or appropriate, the curses will be spread evenly and actively foraging.

Broodstock temperature fluctuations due to unstable heat source is less than perfect, would greatly disturb the chicks alive. Temperatures too cold will cause chicks cold and did not want to eat, which eventually leads to death or sakit.Demikian also if the situation gets too hot, then the curse will always thirst, mouth always open and ultimately pain.

In areas like this where our country daytime temperatures ranging 80-85 F so if the curse had already reached the age of 2 weeks during the daytime heating could've been turned off. Later in the afternoon heat is switched on again. But even then, it really depends on the weather. This means that if a cold rainy day or even during the day, the heater should remain lit.

Techniques feeding on day old chick laying hens

What is meant here is the technique of feeding the ways food preparation containing rations presented pergertian that it would be more effective and efficient, where rations were given out and eaten consumed equally by all chicks in a single parent, so that sufficient for the growth of the body needed.

By the time the new chicks dating and inserted into the brooder cages, they are sufficient given drinking water containing antibiotics, vitamins and sugars. After two hours, they had given feed. On the day old chicks to 3 days feeding sprinkled just enough on paper newspapers or anywhere else that has a flat surface and is easily reached by chicks. Form of food given, first is food grains in order to train the digestive tract.

The food is mixed with dirt should be cleaned. Food should be served freely (ad libitum), but charging eating places can not exceed half, then feeding should be given repeatedly, or by setting 3-4 times a day. It is intended that the provision of the scattered or spilled food can avoid.

Thus the chicks will eat better, so that the growth can be rapid and uniform. But despite feeding it freely, but the numbers need to be considered on their needs, according to age or stage of life.

For drinking water supplied in abundance is also free with the provision of water should be clean, chilled / fresh and cooked with the intention that the water that has been contaminated by the germs can really clean. The water supplied vitamins, antibiotics and coccidiostat, and every day should be replaced.

DOC (day old chick) disease prevention and eradication of laying hens

Prevention is the main business in order to eradicate the disease rather than treatment. For enclosures that have been exposed to an infectious disease would be very detrimental to farmers. So as a security measure necessary to control business by way of prevention. Prevention of an infectious disease can be done in three forms, namely: Isolation, sanitation and vaccination, deworming, and coccidiostat and antibiotic administration.

Isolation, chick starter phase is very sensitive to infections then in preparation, broodstock or brooder should be placed far apart with large chickens to reduce disease transmission. If kept in a curse wears chickens grown, then the place to be completely contrived clean with carefully disinfected. Cage left empty while, about 21 days later given a new litter clean and dry. Vaccination with an active vaccine, this includes measures to isolate the chicks from diseases.

Sanitation, before the first chicks dating all the equipment inside the cage should be cleaned and disinfected with the intention that the place is free from germs. Especially if the place had been used by the chickens are never exposed to the plague.

With regard to sanitation that need attention, especially cages, equipment and environment. The implementation by keeping the environment always clean. Doing pemyemprotan with disinfectant at least twice a week. Place food and drink should be washed every day. Wet litter replaced and quickly replaced.

Vaccination needs to be done breeders are ND, IBD, IB, AI and Marek, s. Especially for vaccination marek, s usually done by a breeder or breeding companies. The vaccination program could follow the procedures provided by each of the vaccine products.

Deworming medication or worm which first performed at the time of chickens reach the age of 4-6 weeks, then repeated 1 or 3 months. The worm medication that can be given is the piperazine powder among others.

Until now the disease coccidiosis is one of a very malignant disease or the most common, there are at least eight types of coccidian that can strike in chickens. This Coccidia thrive in wet or damp litter. Emacam in a bad state, it could not resist the growth coccidiostat coccidian. Therefore coccidiosis can suddenly become epidemic.

Therefore, the prevention and eradication of the disease coccidiosis is necessary to have a separate program. Because these diseases need to have a separate program. Because this disease is a very common problem suffered by chickens was less than 2.5 months. Chicks aged over 10 minggiu usually strong against coccidiosis infection.

In certain phases of chicks should also be given antibiotics in the form of feed supplement. Giving antibiotics is intended to prevent infection, stimulate or enhance growth and avoid stress.

Chicken grower phase in usa

Young chickens or chicks grower is living in the growth phase between 8-20 weeks. Chicks that have achieved significant grower phase has passed the critical starter. Governance for chicks phase remains largely the same as the starter phase. But as they age has increased, then of course relatively more resistant to environmental or infectious diseases.
In the grower phase chicks should be moved from cage to cage starter grower, or the same cage but the density should be reduced. Size 1 m2 for 5-10 chickens and feed size from 7.5 to 10 cm / tail to one side. If using the feed hanging round with a diameter of 40 cm can cover 100. The system can be used postal floor (story meetings) or tenuous.
Because of the growth of chicks grower phase decreased when compared with the starter phase, the ration given too should be replaced with a grower ration gradually that the protein level is lower than the starter phase. Implementation turnover ration is completed in 2-3 weeks.
The amount of feed given to each chicken grower started with 60 grams / day. Then every month plus 15 g / head to 7.5 grams. And finally in the fourth less than 90 grams. In preparation for laying, the addition of Ca in the form of grid elements should have been given at the time the chicken was 20 weeks.
In the grower phase should be held thin (test) against parasitic worms. Pengecekkan as much as possible done on loose or wire-floored cages (wire floor), so that in case of worm infection in large, whole chicken should be treated. At the time of this chicken coop dipendahkan the grower must be selected at once. All the chickens are uniformly large or growing into one cage, while the chickens are small, weak or defective should be set apart.
Lighting was halted restricted during 6 week old chicks. If the lighting is not restricted or regulated, conformity effect on growth rate became more rapid. For as long as it got light chicks, they will eat constantly, so kemassakan sexual ensued earlier. This effect on the production becomes less good. Displacement ka grower coop chicken coop petelru layer or when they are 20 weeks old.

Types and models of heating source for day old chicks

There are various models and the heating source used in the enlargement of the early chick. There are several sources including sources of electrical heating, gas, coal, and kerosene.

    Electric heating sources.

    Heating source is very simple, pengadaanya enough to drape 60-65 Watt incandescent bulb, 75 Watt during the rainy season and the dry season 60 Watt per 100 chicks. Such heaters are quite beneficial, because it can provide warmth stable, with higher heating intensity, and not pollute the air, because he did not smoke.

    Gas heating source
    Heating sources that use fuel gases, designed in various sizes; big, small, and sedang.Masing each size with different shapes, rectangular or round. Hence, using fuel gas, it is also called gasolec. Gasolec has a mechanism of action similar to the stove. However, the heating source is specially designed leads facing down to the floor.

    Gasolec used by connecting the gas cylinder using a hose to the regulator. Then, the regulator connected to Gasolec. Gasolec hung as high as 1 m-1, 5 m from the floor. Installation gasolec should not be too low or too high. Because if the heat is too low can not spread. In addition, there is the possibility of burning litter. Conversely, if too high, the intensity of heat gain will be lower. Heat can not reach the DOC, but scattered in the upper room.

    Coal heating sources.
    Source heating using coal fuel was specifically designed so that it has a mechanism of action is also not much different from the stove. The difference is, the coal heating source comes with lid or hood.
    There are various sources of heating with coal fuel, each of which is designed based on its ability to deliver heat to the chicks. For example, there is a capacity for 500 chicks, there are more than 500 head or less.

    Sources kerosene heater.
    Sources heater with kerosene fuel was also created specifically as a means of heating chicks. Mechanism of action of the tool is also similar to the stove, but it comes with a lid facing down and fitted with a height of + - 60 cm from the floor.

Infectious bronchitis in laying hens

etiology

Bronchitis Infectious diseases are caused by Corona virus that attacks the respiratory system. The virus is easily killed by heat or disinfectant.

pathogenesis
Bronchitis Infectious disease transmission can be through direct contact between young chickens with sick chickens. Indirect contact can occur through the vomit from sick chickens. Infection of immature chickens cause mild respiratory disease, which can affect the vitality and growth when exacerbated by poor management and stress due to climate or mikoplasmosis attack. In the adult chicken disease does not cause death, but the chicken was less than 6 weeks can lead to death.


clinical symptoms
- Stunted growth
- cough
- sneezing
- rattling
- Difficulty breathing
- Out mucus from the nose
- Breathless
- Decreased appetite

diagnosis
Infectious Bronchitis Virus causes can be isolated and egg inoculation using specific pathogen free (SPF) or in tissue culture.

prevention
Sanitation factor for disease transmission chain breaker because the virus is highly susceptible to disinfectants and heat. Prevention is another very common practice is to provide vaccinations on a regular basis.

Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)

Infectious Laryngotracheitis
(ILT) is a disease of the respiratory tract kontagius characterized by difficulty breathing, craning his neck because of difficulty breathing, conjunctivitis, inflammation of the membrane surrounding the eye.

etiology
Herpes is caused by a virus, which can live on leleran 8-10 days, more than 70 days in the carcass, and can live more than 80 days in exudate (trachea or airway) under natural conditions. This disease lasts for 2-6 weeks in a flock, and longer than the other viral respiratory disease.

The disease is very important because:

     Mortality and morbidity are high p there is one flock.
     Causing economic losses.
     Can not be treated
     This disease can be prevented, but it can cause chicken carrier for those who have been infected.

The disease is not contagious to humans and the events most often occur in chickens. but can also infect turkeys, ostriches and other poultry. Wild birds can act as a carrier.

diagnosis

In acute disease characterized by clinical symptoms and the discovery of blood, mucus and exudates caseosa on the trachea. Microscopically characterized by desquamative and nekrotic tracheitis. Diagnosis may be confirmed by the finding of inclusion body intramuclear tracheal epithelium, isolation and identification of specific viruses with chicken embryos and tissue culture or by inoculation of intraorbital sinus to determine immunity. Specimens can also be inoculated on the membrane of embryonated chicken eggs chorioallantois on microscopic examination of the lesion chorioallantois membrane contained intranuclear inclusion body. Can be distinguished by Fowlpox tracheal lesions and inclusions bodynya form intracytoplasmic inclusion body. Diagnosis can also be done by PCR.
differential diagnosis

     Infectious Bronchitis
     Newcastle Disease
     Mycoplasmosis
     avian coryza

prevention

     Minimize dirt and dust
     Use mild expectorants
     Vaccination either eye drop, drinking water or by spray.
transmission
Infectious virus Laryngotracheitis (ILT) is transmitted through the respiratory system and can be transmitted by direct contact between the air as birds in one cage. Viruses enter and infect the birds through the eyes, nose or mouth. Mucus and blood containing the virus can go out and spread the disease by coughing. The incubation period is 6-12 days. Incidence of traffic due to the outbreak of poultry, workers and equipment enclosures, and environmental conditions that allow the deployment.

Clinical Symptoms

     Dyspnoe
     rhinitis
     decreased egg production and meat
     sometimes develop pneumonia or bronkhopneumonia
     mortality reached 50%

Important factor in raising laying hens

BREEDING

Seedlings are sold in the market specifically chicken, generally in the form of final stock. Finall stock is the result of crossbreeding of genetically superior seeds to achieve a goal more specific and economical. For example, to produce meat (broilers) or eggs (chicken layer) even those that are dual function.

Classification by descendants:

Pure Line (pure) >>>> Grand Parent stock (GPS) >>>> Parent Stock (PS) >>>> Final Stock (FS) >>>> Commercial Breeders

Final stock of this type that are commonly peterrnak, which is the last descendant.

Final Stock

Any final stock each having a strain, a trade name of the company (trade mark) was produced. In Indonesia the strains produced by the breeder (breeder) of Parent Stock and there are even some companies that specialized in selling breeding parent stock.

Buying Chicks

final chick breeding stock sold by the dealer or directly to the designated agent, such as Poultry shop, cooperatives and others at the age of one day, or often referred to as the DOC (Day Old Chick). The first step that must be done is to determine the amount and direction of breeding chickens, whether for the purpose of egg production or broiler. Purchasing seeds is done by booking through an agent or can be a direct way. Then collect information about the performance of the strain chickens to be ordered, in order to determine the standard of production (laying or meat) as well as handle the maintenance.

Choosing chicks

In choosing chicks (DOC), usually addressed to the three economic factors:

    The fast growth and spread.
    Power On The Good
    High productivity

Based on the last three factors in choosing a good chick, also takes three approaches in order to achieve maximum results.

1. By descent (strain)

Broiler

    Fast large and dense and uniform.
    Power is on high and low mortality.
    Efficiency of feed use

Layer

    Fast spawn
    High egg production and egg quality good
    Power is on high
    The efficiency of feed use.

2. In Sight

Physical

    Nimble and agile, always actively looking for food.
    Good appetite.
    Eyes alert, lucid.
    There is no disability
    fur is not matted.

Health

    Reacting quickly to outside interference
    Not accumulate under heating
    Conditions dirt will not stick to the anus.

3. By palpation (held)

Healthy

    Contains solid
    Mutiny

Ill

    Muscle weakness
    Sluggish silent.

Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD)

In the next few posts I will discuss about the diseases in chickens. By first understanding the disease means that we've learned about his predicament, a predicament means we understand the next step into a convenience.

Basically the chicken disease in some parts categorized by the cause. The first is a disease caused by a virus, the most important thing we must understand is that the disease is caused by a virus there is no cure. Since the virus can not be turned off by any medicine. But, the disease caused by this virus can be prevented with a vaccine. So never underestimate the vaccination schedule if we do not want to regret later in life. So if we know our chickens are exposed to a disease caused by a virus, we do not buy expensive antibiotics for the treatment, as this would be useless, we should only provide vitamins just to add to the body resistance only.

Ok, now we will discuss one of the diseases which caused the Gumboro virus or IBD. I am most happy to discuss Gumboro disease is due to the one who beat me many times when I started breeding yet.

Gumboro disease is a contagious infectious disease caused by a virus, was first known in the area of ​​Gumboro, Dela-ware the United States in this 1950.saat Gumboro spread across the world, including Indonesia. These diseases cause interference with immune-forming organs, especially Bursa Fabricius. In adult chickens Gumboro losses due not so mean. Gumboro disease infection in chicks cause damage bursa Fabricius, so having inhibition in shaping the immune substances.

Gumboro disease caused by a virus birnaviridae group. Outside the chicken's body, the virus survive more than 3 months. The virus is relatively resistant to ether, chloroform, trypsin and low pH. The virus is very sensitive to the disinfectant containing formaldehyde and iodine solution.

The disease can be chronic but sometimes acute. The disease begins with loss of appetite, tremors, inflammation around the rectum and white diarrhea. chicken feather pecking is often looked around the anus. often infect chickens aged 20-60 days, sometimes infecting chickens aged under 3 weeks. The mortality rate can reach 30-60%. The older chickens, morbidity and mortality rates tend to fall. Surgery can be found on the wreck of the bursa Fabricius changes. In acute objec bursa Fabricius undergo enlargement, inflammation and edema. Approximately 4-8 days after infection, Fabricius bursa becomes atrophic. While in a state of chronic Fabricius bursa size can be very small.

Death occurred from 2 days of visible clinical symptoms, increased at 2-3 days later and will drop rapidly at day 7 or 8. Death rates typically vary between 5-60% depending on the virulence of the virus, secondary infections and chicken age at infection.

Transmission of the stool or vomit material that contains a virus. chickens infected with the virus will be issued via the feces. Transmission may also occur indirectly through rations, drinking water, equipment cages, bird cages wild and workers contaminated

Control of the disease by vaccinating regularly.

Stress due to the hot weather also lowered immunity of laying hens

Hot as the sun, often making us hot and encourages us to take shelter at the same time consume more water. When the hot weather we often disturbed concentration. What if there are chickens in cages under stress due to the heat?

Masyaly (2004) in a study of Egypt said that it appeared the stress, the heat experienced by chickens not only reduce the appearance of chicken but also lowered immune chicken that can be observed from the number of chickens that died from heat stress because of this.

This study used 180 laying hens that are at the peak of production, with a 31 week old chickens. Where the chicken is placed in fifteen cages with each cage containing four chickens, with each cage will receive one of three treatments.

Three treatment is control (average temperature and relative humidity), cycle (cycle daily temperature and humidity), and Heat Stress (constant humidity and heat) for five weeks. Parameters observed were differences in production and immune chickens.

The control group was treated with the setting temperatures of 23.9 ° C, humidity of 50 percent with a heat index of 25 ° C, which represents the average heat index at different seasons.

The group treated cycle by providing temperature and humidity changes every day, with temperatures between 23.9 ° C to 35 ° C, and the humidity between 50% to 15%, which represents a natural cycle in the summer.
And a third group was exposed to heat stress temperature of 35 ° C, with a humidity of 50 percent, the heat index 41.1 ° C, which represents the heat stress conditions.

production

The results of this study indicate that all production is influenced by heat stress, with an average weight for a five-week study period 1.528 g, 1.414 g and 1.233 g of each of the group konntrol, cycle and heat stress.
According Masyaly weight loss and other appearance of the chicken is in the heat stress in this study was caused by reduced feed intake by chickens.

In this study, reduction in feed intake is proportional to the height and length of exposure to heat stress, the chicken was in the heat stress group experienced a decline in feed consumption significantly when compared to the cycle, and also more significant when compared with the control group.
Decrease in feed intake is in response to heat stress. And further more than just losing weight and feed consumption is an increase in the number of deaths.

Death of the heat stress of 31.7 percent, which is higher than the control group and the cycle respectively 6.7 and 5 percent. According Masyaly increased mortality leads to immune response barrier.
Meanwhile, daily egg production also decreased when compared with the cycle and control. This decrease is due to a decrease in feed intake, as well as the reduction of nutrients used to produce eggs.

Besides heat stress also reduces the digestibility of chicken to feed component, further exposure to the high temperatures will reduce the concentration of plasma protein and plasma calcium when both are needed to form an egg.
This research also revealed that exposure to high temperatures chickens had significant yield decline in egg quality, the egg weight, shell weight and shell thickness.
Egg weight room is on a lower heat stress when compared with a cyclical and cyclically lower when compared with controls, these results lead to the low feed intake.

And the thinner the shell thickness when compared with the cycle and control, the low thickness of the shell is caused by low plasma calcium. Finally chickens located in cages with heat stress generally have Huge Unite (HU) greater when compared to cycle and control.

endurance Body

The results of this study showed no proliferation of B cells and T cells are significantly affected heat stress, it is due to a barrier synthesis of T and B lymphocytes, and the pressure on the activity of white blood phagositosis.

Furthermore spotted a group of white blood cells from heat stress, after a four-week immersion exposure, lower when compared to the control group and significantly lower when compared with the cycle. These results indicate that heat stress can reduce the number and activity of white blood cells.

Finally humoral imunity from chickens that exist in the heat stress group apparently depressed, when compared with the control group as well as cycles. The study found that chickens are in heat stress group one to four weeks after exposure to heat, have a lower antibody titers when compared with the control group as well as cycles.

The decrease is caused by the swelling cytokin in the event of stress, that influence stimulation of the hypothalamus to produce corticotropin releasing factor (CRF).
CRF is working to increase the adrenocorticotropic hormone, which stimulates the production of hormones from the adrenal gland corticosteron. Corticosteron and will inhibit the production of antibodies.

And furthermore it is known that heat stress will reduce labor apparently T-helper 2 cytokin, which is essential for the production of antibodies.

Kill the cholera bacteria

Indeed, bacterial diseases such as cholera causing considerable losses. In addition to mortality, decreased production of chickens can lay eggs that have been going on for a few days to several weeks.

"Death is not posed much., However losses caused cholera is quite significant. When attacking chickens are laying eggs in the period, a decrease in egg production going pretty good for a while," said one practitioner.

If the case has already occurred, "Do not forget to destroy the dead chickens and quarantine the sick chickens and provide treatment," said a farmer.
Bacteria that cause cholera is 'happy' hiding places inaccessible, such as in peripheral limphoglandula in the neck area. Therefore cholera often comes as no due diligence on the eradication of adult laying hens in which case is more common.

Cholera in poultry is caused by the Gram-negative bacteria are capsulated, Pasteurella multocida. Therefore, this disease is also known as Pasteurellosis. Pasteurella multocida causes cholera have 5 serotypes A, B, D, E and F. "While the cause disturbances in chickens typically serotypes A, B and D," says an academic from a veterinary school a prestigious college.

The level of malignancy bacteria varies and is determined by the capsule that encloses the bacteria. When the capsule is damaged malignancies bacteria will decrease even more harmful. Although the bacteria survive for several months in litter or combustible material decays, but is easily killed by sunlight, drying, heating or with disinfectant.

To cope with the illness may be consecutive like this, selected antibiotics used effective work. Animal health experts expressed because it is caused by bacteria, cholera can be treated with special antibiotics that work systemically against Gram-negative bacteria.

However, anjur experts, these antibiotics should also be rotated so as not to cause bacterial resistance to certain antibiotics, because the sensitivity of the bacteria can occur.
Some experts suggest that the use of antibiotics such as amoxycillin especially penicillin group and sulfa to overcome an attack of cholera in chickens, as well as bacterial septicemia or spread throughout the body.

Mixture as flumequin and quinolones can be used to treat cholera in poultry. Tissue damage due to inflammation needs to be rehabilitated by providing supportive therapy (multivitamin) and provide high quality feed with sufficient nutrient content.

Treatment is done by giving antibiotics give different results. This can happen due to P multocida serotype has a lot of that may have different responses to antimicrobial anyway.
To get the best treatment course conducted sensitivity tests.

Wary ... Collibacillosis

Collibacillosis is a digestive disease that almost every month to chickens, the disease caused by the bacterium Escherichia colli can be either local or systemic. Besides, it can also occur as a primary infection or secondary infection where infection E.Colli infected chickens were found after IB, ND, ILT or CRD.

Transmission of the disease can occur both vertically (through the mother hen) during the process of egg formation, where E.colli infect the ovaries so eggs produced contaminated. Horizontally occur during home maintenance, transmission through general egg is found, the eggs are contaminated with feces that has been contaminated by E.Colli. Normally 0.5-6% contained eggs have been contaminated with the bacteria E.Colli the stable. In addition to the stool, there are several other antaa transmission medium: dust in the cage, cage dust concentration reaches E.Colli on 105-106/gram, an amount equal to the concentration in the chicken digestive tract and the bacteria are able to survive long in the dust.

Feed rations and drinking water is often used as a parameter on the attack collibacilosis breeder. With a transmission media such as those mentioned above, it can be said E.Colli bacteria are always in the cage and can infect chickens at any time.

Colibacillosis attacks could occur at any time, knows no season. Field may still be thought that Colli only appears at the beginning of the rainy season which occurs due to seepage of water from the cage into the water source. In fact, on average, well / water source is located close to the chicken coop. When heavy rains, water pooled in the dirt, which is then able to flow into nearby water sources and water carrying rembeslah E. coli of the cage it into the well. However, during the dry season we find cases in the field Colli Well .... turns out the cause is dust in the cage. After wondering here and there turned out to be the biggest case of infection occurred at the mid to late dry season and early rainy season. Mid to late dry as possible appears coli attack down the flow of water, so the concentration of E coli bacteria in the water increases. A high concentration of bacteria in the water, if swallowed chicken is in less good condition will cause the chicken as flooded bacteria. In the dry season the dust easily fly so can act as carriers of the disease germ E. coli. Some have even suggested Infection Technical Service E. coli is more likely through the dust rather than through water

Eggs Improving the Sperm Quality

Men need selenium intake for the formation of the quality and quantity of sperm, as well as speed and concentration. One egg can produce 10 percent of the total needs of the body for selenium.In addition to selenium, vitamin content of eggs has a high, among others contains the eight essential amino acids that are good for children's growth and health.

Eggs also contain vitamin D that can help the absorption of calcium for bone formation. In addition, eggs also contain vitamin E. The combination of selenium and vitamin E acts as an antioxidant that may reduce the risk of damage to cells caused by free radicals.Eggs are also known as a source of vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and folate are needed for a healthy body and protects nerve cells. Vitamin B12 deficiency may result in damage to nerve cells. Pregnant women who are at risk of vitamin B12 deficiency will experience damage to his nervous system.

However, sometimes eggs also contain Salmonella bacteria so it is not recommended to be eaten in a raw state, especially for people at high risk such as pregnant women, the elderly, and children. Eggs should be consumed after cooking until cooked beforehand.

RAW EGG / parboiled MORE Efficacious

Many people believe that eating eggs raw or undercooked eggs may increase their stamina .... (I've tried you know .....). This assumption could be because more fresh raw egg so it is very good to eat.

Of course, this assumption is a myth. Because the raw and undercooked eggs are eggs that are not ready to digest the body.  why? Due to the condition of raw or half-cooked, the protein bonds are so strong. The body is hard to break it down into amino acids that digest the process was going very slow. So raw eggs can make the concerned feel full longer. It may be started from this came the myth that eating eggs make a person feel stronger activity, including exercise

The habit of adding honey was indeed helps the digestive process. Honey can help the egg to be better digested by the body. However, we still have to pay attention to food safety issues. Moreover, today many diseases that arise due to a food that is not cooked until done, from typhus to bird flu. Remember, bacteria that may be present in raw eggs could enter the body and cause sick. Especially if her endurance was bad.

How long expired eggs

Answering pertanyaa friends in arms about the life time of eggs or egg endurance capabilities, here's the story ...

Let us consider the chicken in a single period from egg laying of the first to the last egg may have a range of 10 to 15 days, after the eggs incubated for 21 days the first eggs can still hatch, when the egg is already aged 10 or 15 days.

Then we look again, eggs do not hatch or infertile or no seed is certainly not rot too, but it's got heat from the body of its mother at 39 degrees for 21 days. Conditions egg bouncy but not because of foul air cavity due to increased evaporation.

So If we keep our eggs or to stock a week assuming farmers, distribution of 3 days, 1 week at the retailer, and the consumer / user is still one more week it is a very safe condition.

Egg Drops – Less a Syndrome, More a Production Failure

Egg drops appear to be an integral part of egg production, according to David Burch of Octagon Services. He describes the main causes and recommends ways to minimise the resulting losses.

Egg Drop Syndrome was used to describe the effects of a virus that infected flocks back in the 1970s. Falls in egg production could be as much as 40 per cent but were more commonly 10-15 per cent. In present day, layer production ‘egg drops’ or reduced egg production are frequently an indication that something in the system has gone wrong and the flock is showing the farmer that he needs to pay attention to their management, health and welfare to solve the problem and restore production. The difficulties arise when you have to work out which part of the system is failing.

Normal Production

Using normal production targets from a commercial laying hen provider in intensive (cages) and alternative (barn and free range) systems, similar target figures are achievable but with cages being generally more productive (see Table 1).

Table 1. Target production figures for commercial laying hens in intensive and alternative production systems
Parameter	Intensive	Alternative	Difference (%)
Body weight at 18 weeks (kg)	1.5	1.5	-
Bodyweight at 72 weeks (kg)	1.96	1.94	-
Age at 50% production (wks)	20	21.5	-
Age at peak production (wks)	26	27	-
Peak production (%)	94-96	93-95	-1.0
Hen-day eggs to 72 weeks	323	315	-2.5
Hen-housed eggs to 72 weeks	318	309	-2.8
Liveability 16-80 weeks (%)	96	95	-1.0
Mortality 18-72 weeks (%)	3.2	3.8	0.6
Total egg mass 18-72 weeks (kg)	20.5	20	-2.4
Average daily feed consumption (g)	114	115-125 (B) 125-135 (FR)	5.3 (120) 14.0 (130)
Feed consumption weeks 21-72 (kg)	40.7	42.8 (B) 46.4 (FR)	5.2 14.0
Feed / Egg conversion weeks 21-72	2.05	Ave 2.14 (B) Ave 2.32 (FR)	4.2 11.6
Feed / dozen eggs (kg) weeks 21-72	1.57
Key: B = Barn; FR = Free range

The production of eggs per hen housed (HH) initially is one of the most important parameters as it incorporates egg production with hen mortality as well. These are two of the basic parameters that are important for monitoring house/flock productivity. Both of these parameters can be damaged by disease. The production cycle is long, over a year, so again if there is a poor start it is difficult to get good production out of a flock.

In a recent survey, a target production of 315 eggs per HH in caged flocks and only 285 eggs per HH in free-range flocks was used. This showed a reduction of 9.5 per cent in eggs produced in free-range systems and the mortality is usually about 10 per cent or more, which is much higher than target of four per cent. Free-range flocks have their own production problems in the UK, as will be discussed later. Barn flocks, although not as popular as free-range here, do appear to run two per cent less efficiently than caged flocks.

Fortunately, the price for free-range eggs is higher than caged birds and the income/hen is higher. Based on recent egg prices, an average free-range hen’s income would be about £22.57 in comparison with £16.07, but feed (approx. £180/tonne) and labour costs/hen are higher for free-range systems.

Major Causes of Egg Drop

From an infectious point of view, Egg Drops can be divided into a number of causal categories, mainly viral, bacterial/mycoplasmal or parasitic (see Table 2).

Table 2. Common infectious causes of egg drop
Agent	Abbreviation	Comment
VIRAL AGENTS
Egg drop syndrome	EDS	Up to 40 per cent drop initially, usually 10-15 per cent drop – egg shall quality also affected
Infectious bronchitis	IB	Respiratory disease (head shaking) egg drops, erratic production – affects shell quality and colour and egg quality. Variant strains. Often associated with Mycoplasma and secondary E. coli septicaemia
Infectious laryngo-tracheitis	ILT	Respiratory infection, variable severity/mortality with strain differences. Problem on multi-age sites
Infectious avian encephalitis	IAE	No clinical signs in adults; may cause 5 per cent drop in egg production
Infectious bursal disease	IBD	Mainly affects replacement pullets - mortality
Avian metapneumovirus/rhinotracheitis	ART	Respiratory infection, lung & air sac lesions, depressed egg production
Marek’s disease	MD	Lymphoid tumours of ovary, lung, heart, liver kidney and spleen. Swollen nerves and paralysis affects birds 12-25 weeks of age.
Avian influenza (Fowl plague)	AI	Mild depression and respiratory signs, egg production drops. Severe forms – highly pathogenic - high mortality – Notifiable
Newcastle disease	ND	Variable severity, respiratory disease plus neurological signs and green diarrhoea – drops in egg production and soft shelled eggs - Notifiable
BACTRIAL / MYCOPLASMAL
Mycoplasma synoviae	MS	Widespread, 70 per cent of UK flocks. Generally thought to have minor effect but some strains might be more pathogenic. Associated with 1-3 per cent egg drop, mainly in early laying, may increase colibacillosis incidence. Can cause airsacculitis and synovitis or lameness. Egg shell abnormalities recently described in Netherlands
Mycoplasma gallisepticum	MG	Less common, occasional outbreaks, cause 20 per cent drops in egg production but normally chronic form about 5 per cent, Causes respiratory problems and secondary E. coli infections
Escherichia coli	EC	Can cause depressed production near peak, associated with some serotypes. Usually associated with ascending reproductive tract infections such as salpingitis, egg peritonitis or secondary to IB & MG.
Pasteurella multocida (Fowl cholera)	PM	Septicaemic condition in layers affecting joints and causing peritonitis, Acute form causes high mortality and can develop into a chronic form.
Staphylococcus aureus	SA	Potentially another septicaemic condition but usually causes tenosynovitis, arthritis and lameness
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (Erysipelas)	ER	A septicaemic condition which causes mortality and drops in egg production. May be associated with rats.
Avian vibrionic hepatitis spotty liver disease)	AVH	Thought to be caused by Campylobacter but difficult to reproduce. Classical micro-abscesses on liver. Can cause mortality and marked drops in egg production (30 per cent).
Avian intestinal spirochaetosis	AIS	Caused by Brachyspira infections, mainly B. intermedia and B. pilosicoli. Recent work suggests in free-range flocks, B. innocens and B. murdochii may also be problematic and 90 per cent of free-range flocks are infected. Causes chronic diarrhoea (brown and frothy caecal droppings), a 5-10 per cent drop in egg production and increased mortality up to 8 per cent. Suspected to be the major cause of poor production in UK free-range flocks.
Salmonella enterica spp	SE	S. Enteritidis and Typhimurium may be found in poultry but may not always be pathogenic in older birds. Vaccination is required to prevent transmission to man where they can cause severe enteric diseases. S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum may occasionally be found, the cause of ‘pullorum disease’ and ‘fowl typhoid’ or ‘bacillary white diarrhoea’. Wild birds are potential reservoirs.
Necrotic enteritis	NE	Caused by Clostridium perfringens causes characteristic lesions in the small intestine and may be associated with coccidiosis. It is usually seen in younger birds but can affect replacement pullets & adult birds reared on the floor.
PARASITES
Coccidiosis (Eimeria spp)	CC	Most pullets are vaccinated or immunity is allowed to build up by the use of coccidiostats before point of lay but it is possible in free range flocks for coccidiosis to strike.
Red Mite	RM	Dermanyssus gallinae is still an important cause of chronic depression of production in many flocks. It can affect free-range and caged flocks and hygiene and chemical control are important.
Roundworms	RW	Ascarids are the most common worms and can cause a chronic drop in egg production if untreated. They affect mainly free-range flocks: in a small survey, 30 per cent were infected. Other worms such as Capillaria, the threadworm and Heterakis, the caecal worm can also be found, carries Histomonas
Histomonas meleagridis (Blackhead)	HM	Although mainly associated with turkeys, occasional cases occur in free-range flocks causing an increase in mortality and depression in egg production by 20 per cent for several weeks until flock immunity builds up.

With all these infections, if a bird becomes ill, the feed intake drops. They are under a tremendous metabolic stress, due to producing an egg almost every day, so that one of the first clinical signs, if there is a problem, is a drop in egg production.

Preparation of the Pullet

Since working in the industry, the author says he has always been impressed by the preparation of the pullet within a 15- to 16-week period to rear it to a suitable weight (approx 1.35kg ±10 per cent at 16 weeks) but at the same time, having to vaccinate her against a range of diseases and prepare for her life ahead either in cages, barns or free-range – hopefully, free of disease for the next 56 weeks.

An example of a vaccination programme for pullets is shown in Table 3. Most of the viral diseases are vaccinated against. MD and IBD are usually given at the hatchery. IB is given a number of times, to include the variants as well and then boosted with a killed vaccine just before placement. If birds come from a potentially MG infected source they should be blood tested to check and vaccinated, or especially, if they are going to an infected multi-age site. Coccidiosis vaccine is given usually in the first week and the current vaccines protect against the eight most common Eimeria species. It is a very busy vaccination schedule and additional ones can be incorporated where specific diseases have been identified as a major problem in the past.

Table 3. Example of a routine vaccination programme for a pullet
Week	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13
MD	L													K
IBD	L				L
SE		L		L
IB					LL		LL						LLL	KK
MG		BS						(L)
ILT										L
AE												L
ART												L		K
ND							L							K
EDS														K
CC		L
Key: L = live vaccine; K = killed vaccine; BS = Blood sample, vaccinate if positive; MD = Marek’s disease; IBD = Infectious bursal (Gumboro) disease; SE = Salmonella enterica Enteritidis; IB = Infectious bronchitis + variants; MG = Mycoplasma gallisepticum; ILT = Infectious laryngo-tracheitis; AE = Avian encephalitis; ART = Avian rhinotracheitis; ND = Newcastle disease; EDS = Egg drop syndrome; CC = Coccidiosis

The objective of the vaccination programme is to have an immune bird at 16 weeks of age weighing about 1.35kg ±10 per cent (limited variation) so that it is big and mature enough to start laying at around the 18 to 20 weeks of age.

The Laying Bird

Preparation of housing for the birds is very important. Cages should be cleaned and disinfected between flocks, although sometimes it is difficult in deep pit houses. Mite control is also an important consideration. Fly and rodent control programmes should be put in place during production. Barns can be thoroughly cleaned but on free-range farms, it is often difficult to do too much to the range, other than repair damaged or worn areas near the houses and reduce the potential for puddles to form.

Blood samples taken at point of lay are usually held in the event that a problem subsequently develops. They are very useful to check firstly if vaccination was effective and also, if there is an infectious challenge later, antibody titres can be compared and the likely cause identified.

Laying production, body weight, mortality and feed intake are usually well monitored so that production problems can be identified early on.

An example of a flock’s production with variant IB 793B is shown in Figure 1. The birds came in underweight and started to lay late. They never reached their peak production (-15 per cent) and remained below standard by 10 to 20 per cent, in spite of antibiotic medication.

Figure 1. Comparative laying performance of IB infected flock and standard production

In free-range flocks in particular, Brachyspira appear to be a major problem. Normally, B. pilosicoli and B. intermedia are thought to be pathogenic but recently B. innocens has been demonstrated to cause a similar problem. The infection is not usually as acute as B. intermedia but although the flock reached peak production, it steadily declined in performance until there was nearly a 20 per cent drop in production prior to treatment. This is a result of chronic diarrhoea, debilitating the hen and its performance. Diarrhoea (brown frothy droppings – see Photo1) can be found in 80 per cent of faeces samples in severe cases.

Figure 2. Effect of B. innocens on free-range layer production

It is difficult to control most enteric diseases in free-range flocks, as they like to go out and drink from puddles, which may be contaminated and facilitates the spread of the disease (see Photo 2).

Photo 1. Brown frothy caecal droppings associated with Brachyspira

Photo 2. Free range hens sampling a muddy puddle

Worms are also a common cause of egg drop or poor production in free-range flocks. In a small survey, the author found 30 per cent of free-range flocks production were affected by worms. Figure 3 demonstrates the effect of Capillaria, the fine thread worm, causing a 17 per cent drop in egg production.

Figure 3. Egg drop associated with Capillaria, the thread worm

Controlling Layer Infections

There are very limited options for treating laying hens, due to the relatively few antibiotics that have a zero withdrawal period for eggs. Currently, only tiamulin (Denagard, Novartis Animal Health) and tylosin (Tylan, Elanco) are licensed in the UK for layers, following the recent withdrawal of chlortetracycline but colistin is available, imported under cascade from Europe, all for use via the drinking water. Chlortetracycline had a broad activity against Mycoplasma, Pasteurella, Salmonella and to a lesser extent E. coli. Colistin is excellent against E. coli and Salmonella> but only active in the gut. Tiamulin and tylosin are highly active against Mycoplasma and tiamulin is widely used against Brachyspira, as tylosin appears to have some resistance problems. Tylosin is active against clostridia, which usually cause enteric problems in younger birds. Other antimicrobial products may be used but eggs should be discarded during treatment and for the standard withdrawal period afterwards. The veterinarian should be consulted with regard to all these matters as antibiotics are prescription-only medicines (POM-V).

Flubendazole (Flubenvet, Janssen) is widely used for treating intestinal worms in hens via the feed and also has a zero withholding time for eggs; it is a POM-VPS product so will need a prescription.

Conclusions

Egg Drops appear to be an integral part of egg production.

Maintaining good farm biosecurity, avoiding multi-age sites where possible, good vaccination programmes for the pullets and prompt attention to egg drops all seem to be important parts in minimising resulting losses.

Free-range production has its own problems and issues and in many ways it is surprising that the system provides 35 per cent of the UK eggs that are produced. However, with the future changes in cage production scheduled for 2012, it is possible they may increase even further.

This article was originally published in 'Pig and Poultry Marketing'

November 2009

Avian infuenza reported in Germany

A low-pathogenic outbreak of avian influenza in north Germany has been reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health.

According to German news sources, the outbreak was on an organic farm in the Schleswig-Holstein state, and 1,200 laying hens and 300 geese were culled on 20 December as a precautionary measure.

Klaus Ploeger, a Social Democrat Party administrator, told media that the virus was harmless to humans, but the birds were culled to prevent "a slight possibility of the virus becoming pathogenic in the future".

District veterinarian Karlheinz Reisewitz said that it was likely that the infection had originated from wild geese.

According to the Kiel Department of Agriculture this virus type had already been detected in mallard ducks in the Czech Republic and wild birds in Georgia. 

Source:
fwi.co.uk

Laying Chicken Cage Sanitation

Sanitation is the act of controlling disease through hygiene. Therefore to obtain a clean, hygienic and healthy sanitation measures should be carried out regularly. It must be recognized that poor sanitation often creates a significant opportunity for the development of a disease. Often high viral virulence since the DOC arrived. Malignancies such as this can only be suppressed by sanitation measures and good management.

With sanitation malignancy can be suppressed harmful organisms.

1. Environmental Sanitation. The main target of environmental sanitation is the entire cage and all kinds of equipment, such as the feed shed, barn eggs, trenches that surround the stables and barn. after the cage vacated because chickens rejected, the cage should be washed, and then disinfected. To do this disinfection should really understood the type of disinfectant, the nature and way of use.
2. Sanitation workers. Officers are those who are served daily at home, the day-to-day dealing with chicken, both served on chicken management, handling the production of eggs and so on. But keep in mind are the officers can not be separated from the outside world, they also targeted sanitation. sebelu officers began his work at home, they also must be in a hygienic, germ free.
3. Against Sanitary chicken. Sanitation target is not limited to stables, equipment and officers only. But the chicken run should also get treatment sanitation.

Sanitation efforts against the chicken can be done as follows:

1. The chickens were sick immediately removed from the group, and was placed in isolation cages to get special treatment.
2. The chickens were dead carcass should be burned so as not to be a source of disease.

Improper handling of carcasses, such as those conducted by burial or utilization of animal carcasses as feed is not correct, as this will help to spread the seeds of disease in healthy chickens.